The operations of farming for which machines are used are diverse. For crop production they include handling of residues from previous crops; primary and secondary tillage of the soil; fertilizer distribution and application; seeding, planting, and transplanting; cultivation; pest control; harvesting; transportation; storage; premarketing processing; drainage; irrigation and erosion control; and water conservation. Even though bioethanol is an outstanding renewable engine fuel, it is more suited to Otto gasoline (petrol) than to farm diesel engines. Electricity may be generated from a range of renewable sources including wind, wave, hydro and biomass, but on-farm generation is unlikely except on a small-scale or on the basis of specialized energy or wind-power farms.
State farms in centrally planned economies could also participate where beneficial tenancy arrangements can be incorporated. While such or related arrangements are being put in place, the transference of food surpluses as food aid to regions in need will continue for quite some time. Special care needs to be taken that such measures are complementary to, rather than in conflict with, local policies designed to enhance food security. European farmers did not adopt reaper-binders until the first decade of the twentieth century (Bogart 1942). In Japan reaper-binders had a perceptible impact only after 1967, almost a hundred years after the United States and a good thirty years after Japan started mechanizing pumping, threshing, and winnowing in earnest.
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